02566nas a2200289 4500008004100000022001400041245015400055210006900209260007900278300001400357490000700371520150300378653002401881653002101905653001401926653000801940100002701948700001901975700001901994700001702013700002202030700001802052700002602070700002902096700002102125856013002146 2011 eng d a0196-978100aAntifungal activity of novel synthetic peptides by accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and disruption of cell wall against Candida albicans0 aAntifungal activity of novel synthetic peptides by accumulation  a360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USAbELSEVIER SCIENCE INCcAUG a1732-17400 v323 a

In the present work, we investigated the antifungal activity of two de novo designed, antimicrobial peptides VS2 and VS3, incorporating unnatural amino acid alpha,beta-dehydrophenylalanine (Delta Phe). We observed that the low-hemolytic peptides could irreversibly inhibit the growth of various Candida species and multidrug resistance strains at MIC(80) values ranging from 15.62 mu M to 250 mu M. Synergy experiments showed that MIC(80) of the peptides was drastically reduced in combination with an antifungal drug fluconazole. The dye PI uptake assay was used to demonstrate peptide induced cell membrane permeabilization. Intracellular localization of the FITC-labeled peptides in Candida albicans was studied by confocal microscopy and FACS. Killing kinetics, PI uptake assay, and the intracellular presence of FITC-peptides suggested that growth inhibition is not solely a consequence of increased membrane permeabilization. We showed that entry of the peptide in Candida cells resulted in accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to cell necrosis. Morphological alteration in Candida cells caused by the peptides was visualized by electron microscopy. We propose that de novo designed VS2 and VS3 peptides have multiple detrimental effects on target fungi, which ultimately result in cell wall disruption and killing. Therefore, these peptides represent a good template for further design and development as antifungal agents. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

10aAntifungal peptides10aCandida albicans10aCell wall10aROS1 aMaurya, Indresh, Kumar1 aPathak, Sarika1 aSharma, Monika1 aSanwal, Hina1 aChaudhary, Preeti1 aTupe, Santosh1 aDeshpande, Mukund, V.1 aChauhan, Virander, Singh1 aPrasad, Rajendra uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/antifungal-activity-novel-synthetic-peptides-accumulation-reactive-oxygen-species-ros-and-002096nas a2200205 4500008004100000245006700041210006600108260000800174300001400182490000800196520145800204653001401662653002001676653002701696653002301723100001701746700001701763700001901780856009101799 2017 eng d00aCan fungi compete with marine sources for chitosan production?0 aCan fungi compete with marine sources for chitosan production cNOV a1415-14210 v1043 a

Chitosan, a β-1,4-linked glucosamine polymer is formed by deacetylation of chitin. It has a wide range of applications from agriculture to human health care products. Chitosan is commercially produced from shellfish, shrimp waste, crab and lobster processing using strong alkalis at high temperatures for long time periods. The production of chitin and chitosan from fungal sources has gained increased attention in recent years due to potential advantages in terms of homogenous polymer length, high degree of deacetylation and solubility over the current marine source. Zygomycetous fungi such as Absidia coerulea, Benjaminiella poitrasii, Cunninghamella elegans, Gongrenella butleri, Mucor rouxii, Mucor racemosus and Rhizopus oryzae have been studied extensively. Isolation of chitosan are reported from few edible basidiomycetous fungi like Agaricus bisporus, Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus sajor-caju. Other organisms from mycotech industries explored for chitosan production are Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other wine yeasts. Number of aspects such as value addition to the existing applications of fungi, utilization of waste from agriculture sector, and issues and challenges for the production of fungal chitosan to compete with existing sources, metabolic engineering and novel applications have been discussed to adjudge the potential of fungal sources for commercial chitosan production.

10aCell wall10aChitin/chitosan10aWaste Mycelial Biomass10aZygomycetous Fungi1 aGhormade, V.1 aPathan, E.K.1 aDeshpande, M.V uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/can-fungi-compete-marine-sources-chitosan-production02905nas a2200313 4500008004100000022001400041245005000055210005000105260000900155300001100164490000800175520208100183653001202264653002102276653001402297653001002311653001502321653000702336653001502343100002202358700001802380700002102398700001802419700001702437700002002454700001802474700001802492856008102510 2022 eng d a1874-391900aProteomic profile of candida albicans biofilm0 aProteomic profile of candida albicans biofilm cAUG  a1046610 v2653 a

Candida albicans biofilms are characterized by structural and cellular heterogeneity that confers antifungal resistance and immune evasion. Despite this, biofilm formation remains poorly understood. In this study, we used proteomic analysis to understand biofilm formation in C. albicans related to morphophysiological and architectural features. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that 64 proteins were significantly modulated, of which 31 were upregulated and 33 were downregulated. The results indicate that metabolism (25 proteins), gene expression (13 proteins), stress response (7 proteins), and cell wall (5 proteins) composition are modulated. The rate of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and biosynthesis of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, vitamin B6, and thiamine increased, while the rate of methionine biosynthesis decreased. There was a significant modification of the cell wall architecture due to higher levels of Sun41, Pir1 and Csh1 and increased glycosylation of proteins. It was observed that C. albicans induces hyphal growth by upregulating the expression of genes involved in cAMP-PKA and MAPK pathways. This study is significant in that it suggests an increase in OxPhos and alteration of cell wall architecture that could be contributing to the recalcitrance of C. albicans cells growing in biofilms. Nevertheless, a deeper investigation is needed to explore it further.Significance: Candida sps is included in the list of pathogens with potential drug resistance threat due to the increased frequency especially colonization of medical devices, and tissues among the patients, in recent years. Significance of our study is that we are reporting traits like modulation in cell wall composition, amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis and importantly energy generation (OxPhos) etc. These traits could be conferring antifungal resistance, host immune evasion etc. and thus survival, in addition to facilitating biofilm formation. These findings are expected to prime the further studies on devising potent strategy against biofilm growth among the patients.

10aBiofilm10aCandida albicans10aCell wall10aLC-MS10aMetabolism10aMS10aproteomics1 aAbdulghani, Mazen1 aIram, Rasiqua1 aChidrawar, Priti1 aBhosle, Kajal1 aKazi, Rubina1 aPatil, Rajendra1 aKharat, Kiran1 aZore, Gajanan uhttp://library.ncl.res.in/content/proteomic-profile-candida-albicans-biofilm